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A new myorelaxant agent for low back pain1
Given the very small effect size, it is unlikely that larger studies would demonstrate a symptomatic benefit of this therapy in peripheral artery disease.
Antimicrobial Activity of Coffee Extracts1
Melanoidins comprise a substantial proportion of severely heat-treated foods such as baked cereals or row coffee and are widely consumed dietary components. The antimicrobial activity of coffee melanoidins against different pathogenic bacteria has been studied, finding that such activity is due to their metal-chelating properties. Three different mechanisms have been observed.: at low concentrations. melanoidins exerted a bacteriostatic activity mediated by iron chelation from the culture medium; in the case of bacterial strains that are able to produce siderophores for iron acquisition, melanoidins chelate the siderophore-Fe3+ complex, which could decrease the virulence of such pathogenic bacteria; and, finally, coffee melanoidins also exerted a bactericide activity at high concentrations. by removing Mg2+ cations from the outer membrane, promoting the disruption of the cell membrane and allowing the release of intracellular mols.
Caffeic acid : Antioxidants or pro-oxidants1
Coffee Brew as Potent Antioxidants
Beta-cyclodextrin complexes with chlorogenic and caffeic acids from coffee brew: Spectroscopic, thermodynamic and molecular modelling study
Coffee brew is rich in chlorogenic and cinnamic acids, potent antioxidants. Its interaction with beta-cyclodextrin leads to formation of inclusion complexes which affect the physicochem. properties of the guest mol. We investigated spectral changes in coffee-originated phenols, chlorogenic (CHA) and caffeic (CA) acids, due to complexation with beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) in aq. solutions. and studied thermodynamic. properties of the complexes formed. The spectroscopic data (absorption and fluorescence) were used for deducing the position of both phenols inside the beta-cyclodextrin cavity, as well as to calc. the binding consts. of the complexes. The obtained data indicate the formation of a 1:1 complex between betaCD and CHA or CA. The temp.-dependence of the latter allowed the calcn. of thermodn. parameters of the complexation. The negative. values of all the thermodynamic parameters indicated that the formation of these inclusion complexes was an enthalpy-driven process in which a crucial role is played by weak van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds. Mol. modeling confirmed exptl. observations that, in aq. phase, betaCD-CHA and -CA complexes are stable and energetically favorable, for forming the complexes.
Carbonated and other soft -drink beverages on bone density and other deleterious effects, replacing milk drinks.
Some of the more common national-brand carbonated beverages analyzed in this study with their caffeine contents were Coca-Cola (33.9 mg/12 oz), Diet Coke (46.3 mg/12 oz), Pepsi (38.9 mg/12 oz), Diet Pepsi (36.7 mg/12 oz), Dr Pepper (42.6 mg/12 oz), Diet Dr Pepper (44.1 mg/12 oz), Mountain Dew (54.8 mg/12 oz), and Diet Mountain Dew (55.2 mg/12 oz). The Wal-Mart store-brand beverages with their caffeine contents were Sam's Cola (12.7 mg/12 oz), Sam's Diet Cola (13.3 mg/12 oz), Dr Thunder (30.6 mg/12 oz), Diet Dr Thunder (29.9 mg/12 oz), and Mountain Lightning (46.5 mg/12 ozThe soft carbonated drinks caused surface softening of enamel (erosion). In respect to the chemical variables tested, despite not statistically significant, the pH seems to have a moderate valueEnamel demineralization was related to normal use of an orange juice, an apple juice, Pepsi Cola and Diet Pepsi Cola. The amount of calcium released from the enamel into solution was determined ; t he results showed the following degree of enamel demineralization: Pepsi Cola is equivalent to orange juice, greater than apple juice and greater than Diet Pepsi cola... Again, It has been found that, materials immersed in 100% carbonated beverages released the highest amount of fluoride, which could be attributable to the erosive effect of the medium.
In the Western world, increased consumption of carbonated soft drinks combined with a decreasing intake of milk may increase the risk of osteoporosis. The trend of replacing milk with carbonated beverages in a group of young men on a low-calcium diet and studies the effects of this replacement on calcium homeostasis and bone turnover had more influence on the erosive potential of these drinks.
Indeed, the high intake of cola with a low-calcium diet induces increased bone turnover compared to a high intake of milk with a low-calcium diet. Thus, the trend towards a replacement of milk with cola and other soft drinks, results in a low calcium intake and may affect negatively on bone health .
Also, Caffeine and caffeine-containing beverages (Pepsi-Cola, Coca Cola, Spur) stimulate gastric secretion in man and provoke a prolonged increase in total acid output by the stomach of patients with "peptic" ulcer. It is thought that caffeine may contribute to the pathogenesis of "ulcers" in susceptible persons and also interfere with therapeutic management of the conditions. Even asymptomatic persons responded to a caffeine test like an ulcer patient, developing characteristic signs of distress.
Key words: Caffeine, soft drink, Coca cola, Pepsi cola, bone density, carbonated beverage
Comparison of chronic analgesic drugs prevalence in Parkinson's disease, other chronic diseases and the general population.1
Comparison of chronic analgesic drugs prevalence in Parkinson's disease, other chronic diseases and the general population.1
Electrochemical biosensors and enzyme electrode arrays for use in implantable medical devices.
Infection through the lens of microbial ecology.
(1) Walk, Seth T.Young, Vincent B. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases (2008SciFinder (R))
Infection through the lens of microbial ecology.
(1) Walk, Seth T.; Young, Vincent B. Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases (2008SciFinder (R))
Anticipation of distress after discontinuation of mechanical ventilation in the ICU at the end
A considerable no. of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) die following withdrawal of mechanical. ventilation. After discontinuation of ventilation without proper preparation., excessive respiratory secretion is common, resulting in a 'death rattle'. Post-extubation stridor can give rise to the relatives' perception that the patient is choking and suffering. Existing protocols lack adequate anticipatory prepn. to respond to all distressing symptoms. We analyzed existing treatment strategies in distressing symptoms after discontinuation of mech. ventilation. The actual period of discontinuation of mechanical. ventilation can be very short, but thoughtful anticipation of distressing symptoms takes time. There is an ethical responsibility to anticipate and treat (iatrogenic) symptoms such as pain, dyspnea-associated. respiratory distress, anxiety, delirium, post-extubation stridor, and excessive broncho-pulmonary secretions. This makes withdrawal of mech. ventilation in ICU patients a thoughtful process, taking palliative actions instead of fast terminal actions. We developed a flowchart covering all possible distressing symptoms that can occur after withdrawal of mech. ventilation and extubation. We recommend a two-phase process. Six hours before extubation, enteral feeding should be stopped and parenteral fluids reduced, overhydrated patients should be dehydrated with furosemide, administration of sedatives (for distress) and opioids (for pain and/or dyspnea) should be continued or started and methylprednisolone should be given in anticipation of stridor after extubation. Thirty minutes before extubation, Butylscopolamine should be given and methylprednisolone repeated. After this the patient should be extubated to secure a dying process as natural as possible with the lowest burden due to distress.
Global Warming Bubbles Up from the Ocean1
It is stated that 15% of today’s global warming is due to evolution of methane gas, some of which Come from deep-sea volcanoes. It was assumed however, that the gas would oxidizes before it reaches the surfaceInvestigation of the mud ensuing . from a volcano 1250 metres
down in the Norwegian Sea has overturned this assumption. Eberhard Sauter of the Alfred Wagner institute in Germany and his colleagues
founda huge column of gas bubbles rising from the surface of HackomnMosby. A remote-controlled robot videotaped the plume and sampled water. The gas bubbles were found to be methane. Methane forms a gas-hydrate membrane which enabled the gas to rise 800 metes The bubbles eventually dissolved in surface water., much of it ending in the atmosphere. Hunded tones of methane are being released from this location. It is estimated that the methane rekased to the atmosphere around the world is about 600 gigatonnes per year. No one really knowHow many of these volcanoes there are. Estimates vary from thousands to tens of thousands and It is unlikey that they are all active at the same time.
Interactions between drugs and coffee (caffeine1
Farm land milk often contain antibiotic residues derived from a long cycle of drug dumping into waste bins which turn its way into waste land fills . Drug residues as leftovers into our streets and back gardens are washed away by rain; and end up into runaway rivers and other water sources.The effluents soak into earth, and seeps through the fast growing grass, other herbs and other plants, eventually end up into grazing domestic herds. This presented a real problem, and has its deleterious effects in health. In spite of the fact that grazers tend to evade grass lands of suspects and near landfills.
In one study, nine aminoglycoside antibiotics (streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, spectinomycin, neomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, destomycin A, apramycin, and tobramycin in milk by LC/MS/MS were extracted and identified from lactating cows treated for clinical. mastitis with two intramammary infusions of kanamycin. In another, method using chromatography electron spray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS-MS) analysis, chloramphenicol has been found in milk powder shelved and ready for retailer disposition and eventual selling.
It is worthy to note that rivers contaminated with estrogenic effluents from waste water treatment works, impacts negatively on the reproductive capabilities of both animal and human beings. Again, traces of which have been invariably in milk beverages.
In recent decades, chemical food safety issues that have been the center of media attention include the presence of agrochemicals., veterinary drug residues, natural toxins (e.g. mycotoxins and marine toxins), heat produced toxins (e.g. acrylamide, heterocyclic aromatic. amines and furan), heavy metals (e.g. lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium), and industrial chemicals (e.g. benzene, perchlorate and melamine) in food and feed. Due to the global nature of the food supply and advances in analytical capabilities, chemical contaminants will continue to be an area of concern for regulatory agencies, the food industry and consumers in the future.
However, considerable advances have been made over the past century in understanding the chemical hazards in food concerns of chronic ingestion of heavy metals such as lead and arsenic from residues remaining on crops and ways for assessing and managing these risks, leached from the soil into plants, and ending up both in crops as well as milk.The common methods of pasteurization, removal of fat and protein from unpasteurized milk, and addition of long-life free radicals scavengers did not in any way annul or decrease the residues in milk, nor did it increase its healthy claim.
Key words: milk, effluents, landfills, antibiotics, estrogenic, effluents drug ,residues, toxins, heavy met
Herbal Beverages their Uses and AdvantagesAnd Side Effects
In the past, herbal medicine was more frequently used compared with the present. More recently
the interest in herbal medicinal products, especially in the field of healthy nutrition, dermatology and cosmetics, has risen enormously. Many plant-derived substances show photo protective properties in terms of absorption of UV radiation and preventing photo damage to molecular structures of human skin. Modern phytopharmaceutics as well as phytocosmetics have standardized, defined methods for the herbal matrix.
The pharmacological effect of the compounds could be foreseen from their chemical structure. The development of rational technology of pharmaceutical preparations follows the identification of active constituents in pharmaceutical herbs their good-to-excellent effect.
Numerous examples can be found in many literature citations, and in fact in many potions are used for different ailments e.g. The buckwheat herb (Fagopyrum esculentum is rich in flavonoids, which have been identified as potent antioxidants and have a high content of phenolics, and a low content of the phototoxic fagopyrin. the extractable matter, contains fagopyrin, rutin, and chlorogenic acid.
The liquid primrose extract and two compositions of primrose syrup were developed. Preparations have been used for the treatment of respiratory diseases for a long time and other development of pharmaceutical preparations.
Pharmaceutical herbal preparations have been used for the treatment of respiratory diseases for a long time. Alongside with the well known herbs, there are many of crude drugs to be investigated and applied in therapeutics. Respiratory diseases are mainly treated by chemical medicines and antibiotics. The use of herbal preparations is limited and they are usually used as supplemental ones. Biochemical processes in plants, chemical compounds and information on their value in therapy were shown too beneficial. The pharmacological effect of the compounds often arises from their chemical structure elucidation and knowledge. Hence, the development of rational technology of pharmaceutical preparations follows the identification of active constituents in pharmaceutical herbs. The proper use of pharmaceutical herbs supplies the organism with the natural substances, thus preventing various diseases. An anti-influenza virus agent contains the medicinal herb extracts including Houttuyniae herbal extract, Acanthopanax sessiliflorus, Seem extract, Saposhnikoviae Radix extract and Bupleurum falcatum L. extract, wherein the medicinal herb extracts are prepared by extracting the medicinal herbs with at least one solvent selected from C1-C4 lower alcohol, ethyl acetate, acetone, water and hexane.
The traditional Chinese herb tripterygium wilfordii contains diterpenoid triepoxides comprise triptolide, triptodiolide, triptonide etc. are used to prepare a drug for treating neoplasm or cancer with one or more medicinal carriersA nutritious food composition containing an herbal extract as a main component isomaltooligosaccharide,, high fructose and other additives which supplies sufficient nutrients to a woman in childbed and improves the immunity and thus helps the child-bed woman maintain and improve the health. The nutritious food composition contains 10 to 20% by weight of a herbal extract e.g.arabic gum, taurine, silk peptide, polydextrose and herb flavors.These are but a few examples of the many that are developed, and introduced in the market instead as a subsidiary or complimentary medicine.
However, it is worthy to note, and in long time use, that some of these potions have side effects and slow toxic inducement, e.g. the Japanese star anise (Illicium anisatum L.), is known to contain a neurotoxin, and may have been inadvertently mixed into the herbal tea. In view of the severity of the adverse health effects and the clear association with consumption of a specific herbal tea, the suspected herbal tea was quickly withdrawn from the market. Consumption of the herbal tea caused required hospitalization of persons due to generalized tonic-clonic seizures. Morphologic and organoleptic investigations of the suspected herbal tea indicated that this possibly contained the neurotoxin anisatin, a non-competitive GABA-antagonist which can cause hyperactivity of the central nervous system and tonic-clonic seizures. Hence ingestion of a herbal tea containing anisatin caused the reported serious adverse health effects. Our advice is that one has to treat these herbal drugs with caution and after considerable
consultation lest serious adverse or allergic effects may arise during treatment and use.
Key words: Chinese herbs, herbal medicine, pharmaceutical herbal, pharmacological effect, nutrition, plant extracts, respiratory disease, herbal tea, side effects
Considerable advances have been made over the past century understanding the chemical hazards in food and ways for assessing and managing these risks. In the 1920's the increasing use of insecticides led to concerns of chronic ingestion of heavy metals such as lead and arsenic from residues remaining on crops. By the 1930's, a variety of agrochemicals were commonly used and food additives were becoming common in processed foods. During the 1940's and 1950's scientific advances were made in toxicology and more systematic approaches were adopted for evaluating the safety of chemical contaminants in food. Modern gas chromatography and liquid chromatography both invented in the 1950's and 1960's, were responsible for progress in detecting, quantifying, and assessing the risk of food contaminants and adulterants. In recent decades, chem. food safety issues that have been the center of media attention include the presence of agrochemicals., veterinary drug residues, natural toxins (e.g. mycotoxins and marine toxins), heat produced toxins (e.g. acrylamide, heterocyclic aromatic. amines and furan), heavy metals (e.g. lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium), and industrial chemicals (e.g. benzene, perchlorate and melamine) in food and feed. Due to the global nature of the food supply and advances in analytical capabilities, chemical contaminants will continue to be an area of concern for regulatory agencies, the food industry and consumers in the future.Reliable and practicable analysis of veterinary drug residues in food-producing animals represented an important measure to ensure consumer protection. The progress of rapid screening methods and the use of accurate liquid chromatography.-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) for the quant. detection of corticosteroids used as analytical methods for corticosteroids-residue detection.
Different veterinary drug residues (macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, and sulfonamides) in honey were detected. The separation and determination was carried out by ultra performance liquid. Chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), using an electrospay ionization source (ESI) in pos. mode. HPLC method was used for determination. of 10 sulfonamide drug residues in animal liver, including sulfaguanidine monohydrate, sulfadiazine, sulfadimidine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfamethoxydiazine, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimoxinum, sulfaquinoxalineA study tested a sewage epidemiology approach, using levels of excreted drug residues in waste water, to monitor collective use of the major drugs of abuse in near real time. Selected drug target residues derived from use of cocaine, opiates, cannabis, and amphetamines were measured by mass spectrometry in wastewater collected at major sewage treatment plants in Milan (Italy), Lugano (Switzerland), and London (United Kingdom).
Key words: residue effluents, chemical contaminants, insecticides, veterinary drug residues, agrochemicals
Hallucinogenic drugs with special reference to cocaine
Several hallucigenic drugs were isolated from several varieties of plant parts; in particular from poppy seeds plant as well as the leaves of coca plant. The active component of coca leaves, cocaine was extracted and several researchers started experimenting with the substance, describing many physiological and pathological effects, of its action Cocaine became the substance most frequently applied for differenttypes of anesthesia . Halsted and Hall reported the first successful nerve block of the interior dental nerve with 4% cocaine solution, The history of cocaine is chartered in medicine as a local anesthetic. Coca leaves were used as a panacea and local anesthetic throughout the history of the Incan Empire of Peru. However, its medical usefulness was not fully recognized until Carl Koller used it to anesthetize the cornea of the eye. Over the next 20 years, cocaine became a popular medicine and tonic in Europe and America, with curing a wide variety of diseases and illnesses. It was however, demonstrated that cocaine possessed many undesirable effects with a high social abuse potential.
The effects of coca chewing on the glucose tolerance test were measured for inhabitants of South America (All were of Aymara ancestry of a rural community from the "Altiplano" The coca users chewed coca leaves during 3 1/2 hours of the test. The non-chewers showed a significant hypoglycemia at 120 minutes of the test. The chewing was accompanied by a significant increase in heart rate beats in haematocrit, in hemoglobin concentration, and plasma noradrenalin concentration resulting in a significant decrease in blood and plasma volume. During sub maximal exercise, coca chewers displayed a higher heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure.
Coca leaves are neither nutritive nor tonic, when fresh they contain one alkaloid only, cocaine. Fresh leaves, or leaves properly and freshly dried, yield 8 gr. per kilo. Leaves packed damp undergo fermentation, and the cocaine is then destroyed. Cocaine is easily decomposed; even in solutions which are not absolutely neutral, incipient decomposition sets in. The anesthetic properties are more powerful in the free alkaloid than in its salts. The irritation caused by the use of cocaine is here attributed to the cocaine and not to the hygiene present. Cocaine also causes the dilatation of the pupil of the eye.
Cocaine, meecgonine, hygiene, cis-cinnamoylcocaine, and cuscohygrine displayed a gradual decline from week 2 to week 36 of leaf duration. Tropinone and tropacocaine were the least abundant of the alkaloids monitored. Cis-cinnamoylcocaine content exceeded cocaine at weeks 12, 16, and weeks 19 to 23 of leaf duration. Trans-cinnamoylcocaine was highest in rolled leaves (week 1) and in expanded leaves after week 30.
“Key words: Hallucigenic drugs, cocaine, poppy seeds, coca leaves, anesthesia, heartbeat, blood pressure.
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Sedative and Hypnotic Drugs
There are several advances in both medical and scientific fields .It is the view to introduce to the reader what scientists have so far achieved and that every person should be aware of the current advances especially in the aforementioned fields. Several topics of common interest are herewith collected and presented as abstracts of published papers. Of these natural products isolates of common beverages and potions are given, e.g. caffeine, caeffic acid present in both coffee and tea beverages. Besides these, the beverages were shown to contain protein, minerals and other useful products. From coca seeds and leaves several hallucigenic isolates are obtained, which have deleterious permanent or long-time side effects. However, some of these are still used in medicine.
Coffee, a pleasant beverage, is a noble drug with several components which confer pharmacology and toxicology. The compounds. of coffee beans, strongly altered by roasting, is different between the two varieties of coffee most diffused worldwide: Arabica mainly contains lipids and trigonelline; robusta is composed of a higher amount of caffeine and chlorogenic acid. Roasted coffee contains many volatile compounds, that confers a distinctive aroma to this beverage. Almost all the typical coffee compounds have been identified, the most significant of them are: cafestol and kahweol, in the form of fatty acid esters; caffeine, the most important active substance of coffee, which has effects on human physiology that are not well known, yet. The highest concentration. level was found in short coffee (1.38 mg ml-1) and the highest amount. per serving was found in instant coffee (95 mg per serving). A consumption study was also carried out among 471 people from 2 to 93 years of age to evaluate caffeine total dietary intake by age and to identify the sources of caffeine intake. The mean caffeine intake among adults was 288 mg day-1
Coffee and phenolic antioxidants inhibited the DAF-FMT formation less effectively at pH 5.2 than pH 7. Another strategy shows that the consumption of the coffee preparation,resulting from water co-extraction. of green and roasted coffee beans, produce an increase in the metabolic activity and/or numbers of the Bifidobacterium spp. population, a bacterial group of reputed for itsbeneficial effects, without major impact on the dominant microbiota.
This could be due to the possible role of brown pigments (melanoidins and phenolic polymers), formed during roasting, which may protect cells from oxidative damage in the biological systems. However, both the extracts. of LCB and spent coffee showed limited anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities. Hence the presence of phenolics and chlorogenic acids in appreciable quantities along with brown pigments makes these coffee byproducts a source for natural antioxidants.
Data show that coffee consumption and risk of stroke involvement are sparse. Therefore, Long-term coffee consumption was not associated. with an increased risk of stroke in women. In contrast, recent data suggest that coffee consumption may modestly reduce risk of stroke.
An inverse association. between coffee consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer has been found in several case-control studies, but such an association. was not consistent in prospective cohort studies. No significant differences by sex and cancer-site were found, but there was a slight suggestion of an inverse association. between coffee consumption and colon cancer in especially in Japanese women. An Information on coffee type, its serving size, or brewing method may provide a better understanding of this reassuring result and the real role of coffee on colorectal cancer riskOther findings suggest a possible influence of high coffee consumption or an increased coffee consumption on the risk of breast cancer is possible. It was shown that coffee contributes with very insignificant quantities to the daily human intake of carcinogenic m
Biodegradable Products and their Uses (1)
Considerable amount of research is conducted at present in developing biodegradable polymers and composites. This is because of the environmental problems caused by petroleum-based non-degradable materials that are currently used.
Biodegradable polymers have been used in biomedical applications as sutures and more recently as drug delivery systems. Drug delivery systems use hemophiliac (non-polar part) block co -polymers that self assemble into micelles above their critical micellar concentration.
Such block co -polymers typically use monomers of lactic acid and glycolic acid as the hydrophobic part, and polyethylene glycol as the hydrophilic part.
The hydrophiles are capable of stabilizing hydrophobic drugs in aqueous media, thereby preventing premature drug degradation and premature drug precipitation. However, drug loading capabilities of such hemophiliac co- polymers is limited due to the lack of functionalists on the main chain of the polymer.
. Other renewable polymers of cellulose resources, are reproduced from melt poly condensation of 5-hydroxylevulinic acid) the, poly (5-hydroxylevulinic acid) (PH LA). These are synthesized and characterized with the in vitro degradation behaviors in phosphate-buffered saline and in de-ionized water. They are also found to be excellent and possess unordinary high glass transition temperature as high as 120 oC. PH LA readily degrades hydrolytically in aqueous media.
Most commonly, the polymers for the controlled release of gene delivery systems are also biodegradable polymers. These are manufactured as nanoparticles, micro spheres, implantable matrices and scaffolds. The recent developments in the polymers used for the controlled release of gene delivery systems, used on applications in gene therapy and tissue engineering, have a wide pace in modern technology. These natural polymers “”and their derivatives are obtained from natural resources such as collagen, atelocollagen, gelatin, fibrin, glycosaminoglycans, chitosan, alginate and agarose, Synthetic polymers include poly(lactide-co-glycoside), poly(lactic acid), functionalized poly(lactic acid), poly(orthoester)s, poly(α-amino ester)s, poly-anhydrides, polyurethanes and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate). Thus the exquisite adjusting of the chemical and physical .characteristics of the polymers and the optimally engineered properties, may gain greater control over gene delivery and cell growth.
The crystallization, thermal biodegradability has been extensively studied in recent years. The physical properties, such as the mechanical thermal properties, and of a semi-crystalline polymer is of great importance in the industry of manufacture of these polymers.
The issues surrounding waste management of traditional and biodegradable polymers are discussed in the context of reducing environmental pressures and carbon footprints. Many literature citations address the development of plant-based biodegradable polymers. Plants naturally produce numerous polymers, including rubber, starch, cellulose and storage proteins, all of which have been exploited for biodegradable plastic production. The bacterial bio -reactors fed with renewable resources from plants - so-called white biotechnology- have also been successful in producing biodegradable polymers, and have the potential to become viable alternatives to petroleum-based plastics, and are environmentally benign and carbon-neutral source of polymers.
In brief, the market of real-life-applications and science technology, both in medicine and the environment require a high demand for the affordability and easy access to biodegradable polymers, instead of the petroleum-based artificial polymers of non-degradable materials that are currently used, which constitute a health hazard globally.
Biodegradable Products and their Uses (2)
The first biodegradable plastic ever used was cellophane, produced from the plant-derived structural polysaccharide cellulose. From the 1970s, research focus shifted away from cellulose to the more processable biopolymer starch, and in the and1990s, the process of grafting, 1980s wherein two polymeric components are chemically and physically joined, was introduced Mater-Bi, made from blends of starch and various synthetic biodegradable polymers is one of the few successfully marketed biodegradabl products, Alternative renewable materials are pectin rapeseed oil products an Fermentation products
Natural fibres were also considered as reinforcement in polymers based on renewable raw materials. The materials were flax fibres and poly (lactic acid) (PLA). PLA is thermoplastic polymer made from lactic acid and has mainlybeen used for biodegradable products, such as plastic bags and planting cup but in principle PLA can also be used as a matrix material in composites. However, because of the brittle nature of PLA triacetin was tested as plasticizerfor PLA and PLA/flax composites in order to improve the impact properties.
Pesticides Use and Impact on Beings
Many pesticides of different chemical composition, e.g. organochlorine compounds, organophosphates, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, biological insecticides, antifeedants are used in this world to combat the destruction of vegetation in the farming land. The outcome are huge success in this trend, but it had a bad and pestilent disaster on both the environment as well as in living beings.DDT for example was used to a great effect among populations s to control mosquitoes spreading malaria and lice transmitting typhus , resulting in dramatic reductions in the incidence of both disease. But this and other pesticides may cause cancer and that their agricultural use was a threat to wildlife, particularly birds. They were shown to reduce the fertility in males exposed to them as well as their offspring,. In consequence they were banned in the US in 1972.in agricultural use worldwide under the Stockholm convention in spite of its limited current use today.
The question that arises continuously in the medical field is that, does the effect appear to be the result of changes in the DNA structural sequence, which inevitably may cause inheritable effect(s) other than mutation. The drop in the sperm count in the males was taken as an obvious damage to DNA, though many are not convinced by the result. The sperm is abnormal and few are infertile. Though the sperm count declines, yet off springs are still capable to reproduce. The males of these are still capable of breeding and carry the same symptoms of their parents.
The exposure to DDT in particular is associated with early pregnancy loss, a type as shown in a study involving Chinese textile workers.. It is also typically observed in women living in homes sprayed with DDT, There is a positive, monotonic, exposure-response association between preconception serum total DDT and the risk of subsequent early pregnancy loss. There is an alarming evidence that the females of highly exposed women may have more difficulty getting pregnant
Organochmicals in general, are toxic to a wide range of animals in addition to insects. They are highly toxic to aquatic life, including crayfish sea shrimps and many species fish but less toxic to other mammals Mostly they are reproductive toxicants for certain bird’s species and it is the major reason for the decline of flacons, birds of prey and other species.
Insect growth regulators are now developed to affect the target insect differently and also are much less likely to be toxic to mammals. One approach is the use of insect growth regulators which interferes with the ability of an insect to develop normally. These can interfere with the development of an insect in two ways. One is to disrupt the normal molting process. As insects feed and grow ,insects must shed their skin periodically that prevent the insect from shedding its skin properly or from forming the new skin at the right time. Both of these processes are critical for normal molting, and an insect eventually will die if it is unable to molt properly
The synthetic pyrethroids affect insect nervous systems Imidacloprid represents another insecticide class, the chloronicotinyls. Imidacloprid blocks the receptor sites to which Acetyl choline attaches, preventing its removal. However, most other traditional insecticides also attack the insect nervous system in some fashion or other. In all of these cases, nerve impulses are unable to travel normally from cell to cell.
In all instances, current scientific research is continuously updating and producing other agrochemicals which will inevitably have less if not all drastic side effects to living beings
HeyFever, an unpleasant and antisocial ailment
We for more than once in the year get incapacitated with this ailment. The effects are frequent sneezing, sore eyes, nose-blowing, slight temperature., and in all feeling miserable It initiates with the beginning of spring or summer, with winds blowing , and mainly atrittutable to the blow of pollen grains during the flowering season. The flowering of cherries, apples, roses and the like are some of many plants that cause the ailment as well as the common weeds
Rageweed for example, produces vast quantities of pollen which the wind can carry great distances. The ailment, often called “Webster’s ailment” ,catarrhs aestivus” , summer or autumnal catarrh was well known on the other side of the Atlantic
In the cities, several people are sensitive to smoke issuing from car and traffic exhausts, as well as the hanging early-day smog, created by the colloidal carbon particles, and dust particles carried in the airOther noxious acidic gases such as nitric oxide, sulphur dioxide are also responsible as well.
It was for certain length of time before medical science discovered the underlying mechanism to those allergic to it. Pollen grains often trigger the immune system to produce the antibody 1gE (Immunoglobulin E), which prompts production of histamine that irritates the lining of the nasal passages. The resulting “hay fever “is a response to a non-existent infection i.e. a false alarm that modern medications from antihistamines to corticosteroids improve the regression of the symptoms, though the best solution is still not found. The most serious of administering these are sleepiness, drowsiness and delayed response on driving, learning and similar tasks even when they don't seem to make one feel sleepy. They affect the r brain in the same way as alcohol. However, the effect is only temporarily, and disappears once the medication is stopped
The advice given to sufferers is to travel far away from cities to places and leisure by where there are few or scarce vegetation e.g. to mountains or sea sides. . Suburban’s become boom regions for well-to-do sufferers emptied out of the cities. For those who are less fortunate, it would be best if one avoids densely populated areas and have substantial all-day rest.
Synthetic drugs, detection, uses and residue in effluents
Considerable advances have been made over the past century understanding the chemical hazards in food and ways for assessing and managing these risks. In the 1920's the increasing use of insecticides led to concerns of chronic ingestion of heavy metals such as lead and arsenic from residues remaining on crops. By the 1930's, a variety of agrochemicals were commonly used and food additives were becoming common in processed foods. During the 1940's and 1950's scientific advances were made in toxicology and more systematic approaches were adopted for evaluating the safety of chemical contaminants in food. Modern gas chromatography and liquid chromatography both invented in the 1950's and 1960's, were responsible for progress in detecting, quantifying, and assessing the risk of food contaminants and adulterants. In recent decades, chem. food safety issues that have been the center of media attention include the presence of agrochemicals., veterinary drug residues, natural toxins (e.g. mycotoxins and marine toxins), heat produced toxins (e.g. acrylamide, heterocyclic aromatic. amines and furan), heavy metals (e.g. lead, arsenic, mercury, cadmium), and industrial chemicals (e.g. benzene, perchlorate and melamine) in food and feed. Due to the global nature of the food supply and advances in analytical capabilities, chemical contaminants will continue to be an area of concern for regulatory agencies, the food industry and consumers in the future.
Reliable and practicable analysis of veterinary drug residues in food-producing animals represented an important measure to ensure consumer protection. The progress of rapid screening methods and the use of accurate liquid chromatography.-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) for the quant. detection of corticosteroids used as analytical methods for corticosteroids-residue detection.
Different veterinary drug residues (macrolides, tetracyclines, quinolones, and sulfonamides) in honey were detected. The separation and determination was carried out by ultra performance liquid. Chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), using an electrospay ionization source (ESI) in pos. mode. HPLC method was used for determination. of 10 sulfonamide drug residues in animal liver, including sulfaguanidine monohydrate, sulfadiazine, sulfadimidine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfamethoxydiazine, sulfachloropyridazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimoxinum, sulfaquinoxaline
A study tested a sewage epidemiology approach, using levels of excreted drug residues in waste water, to monitor collective use of the major drugs of abuse in near real time. Selected drug target residues derived from use of cocaine, opiates, cannabis, and amphetamines were measured by mass spectrometry in wastewater collected at major sewage treatment plants in Milan (Italy), Lugano (Switzerland), and London (United Kingdom).
Key words: residue effluents, chemical contaminants, insecticides, veterinary drug residues, agrochemicals.
Abstract: Many drug residue effluents, agrochemicals, natural toxins and industrial chemicals end up in waste water and finally in the food chain.
Several methods, techniques and ingredients are used in the art of meat seasoning, depending on the type of meat, the method of cooking and preservation. We describe herewith some of the methods and ingredients used for the different types of meat processing.
A meat processed food, which is prevented from discoloration due to oxidation, involves heating meat materials in the presence of inorganic compounds containing gas-generating compounds, metal ion-releasing compounds and natural polysaccharides. Thus, minced lean pork is mixed with natural salt, NaHCO3, carrageenan, xanthan gum, trehalose, sodium glutamate, and ice-cold water, cured at 20° for 24 h, chopped, further mixed with lard, egg white powder, spices, etc., It is then packed in casings, dried at 70° for 30 min, smoked at 70° for 40 min and finally heated at 75°.
Potassium and sodium salts nitrites and nitrates are recommended for use under certain levels in several foodstuffs such as non-heat-treated, cured and dried meat products, other cured meat products, canned meat products and bacon. These are used as preservatives so as to get a balance between ensuring the microbiological safety of the ham, while keeping the level of nitrosamine as low as possible s in the final product.
The food additive may be of plant origin, as an example, it is made from sage-brush (Artemisia vulgaris, Asteraceae) leaves harvested before flowering ,and dried at 60-80°C to 13% moisture, then boiled for 5-10 min before use, and minced. The additive contains in dry matter ≥15% protein, 3.0% fat, 19.0% cellulose, 0.4% water-soluble carbohydrates, and about 3.0% ash. The additive can be used for enrichment of dairy products with nutritive and bioactive substances (Ca, P, vitamin C, β-carotene).
Seasoned meat which is meant for long-time storage; the meat is mixed with spices and condiments in order to improve permeation and to enhance the taste and flavor thereof. This will lengthen the shelf life without degradation in quality. The ingredient includes 65-75wt% of raw meat, 5.5-7.0wt% of soy sauce, 2.5-3.5wt% of pear, 2.5-3.5wt% of onion, 0.5-1.0wt% of garlic, 0.1-0.5wt% of ginger, 0.1-0.3wt
A method is described for preparing seasoned meats using a sauce containing rooibos. The seasoning sauce improves taste and softness of meats, removes the bad smell from the meats, and gives useful functions such as anti-oxidant activity and adult disease prevention to the meats. The method comprises the steps of cutting the ribs in the length of 4 to 12 cm, removing fat, slicing the rib meats of 4 to 6 mm thickness, and washing them with water. It is then mixed with 3% rooibos, water, soy sauce, sugar, starch syrup, ginger and garlic.
Other sauces that are used contain preferably 0.3 wt. % of the extract of Citrus ourantium to total weight of the sauce. The extract improves fat dissolution and physical functions without side effect, such as blood pressure increase, muscular disorder, insomnia, nervousness and the like.
A Korean sauce given here provide a seasoning composition for roasting meat with Cactus extracts., thereby improving the meat quality, by removing the meaty smells and give a savory taste. Hence it boosts one's appetite. A seasoning composition for meats contains 1-20 wt. % of a Cactus leaf extract, 0.01-5 wt. % of a Cactus fruit extract, 0.1-2.0 wt. % of vitamin C and 0.5-5 wt. % of an oligosaccharide. Another meat seasoning recipe involves a sauce of water-soluble chitosan 3-10%, herbal medicines 1-5%, onion, garlic, ginger, sesame oil, sugar, soy sauce and other spices. The herbal medicines is composed of the juice of Hizikia fusiforme, the tea of dried roots of Liriope platyphylla, and the fruit tea of Crataegus pinnatifida in a ratio of 2:1:1.
Softening of some meats involve hard-boiling the meat of beef or pork in a fermented product and soup soy sauce The fermented product is prepared from nutraceuticals, cereals, vegetables, fruits, tourmaline, loess, charcoal and the like. It is rich in nutrients and has characteristic taste and flavor. Beef or pork is added with a fermented product and soup soy sauce and then hard-boiled to produce the meat product.
Powder -dried- type meat seasoning contains a mixture of freeze-dried garlic (86 to 91% by wt.), ginger (9 to 14% by wt.), black pepper powder and salt powder. The seasoning is used in roasting meat on a frying pan, and a wire mesh grill by sprinkling it on the meat; thus it reduces a meaty smell, improves meat quality and preserves the characteristic taste of meat.
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Recent Advances in Medicinal And Sientific Progress |
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Some Common Beverages |
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